<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Drupal\Tests\field\Kernel\EntityReference;

use Drupal\Core\Cache\Cache;
use Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheableMetadata;
use Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewDisplay;
use Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity\EntityViewMode;
use Drupal\Core\Field\FieldStorageDefinitionInterface;
use Drupal\entity_test\Entity\EntityTest;
use Drupal\entity_test\Entity\EntityTestLabel;
use Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig;
use Drupal\field\Entity\FieldStorageConfig;
use Drupal\filter\Entity\FilterFormat;
use Drupal\KernelTests\Core\Entity\EntityKernelTestBase;
use Drupal\Tests\field\Traits\EntityReferenceFieldCreationTrait;
use Drupal\user\Entity\Role;
use Drupal\user\RoleInterface;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunTestsInSeparateProcesses;

/**
 * Tests the formatters functionality.
 */
#[Group('entity_reference')]
#[RunTestsInSeparateProcesses]
class EntityReferenceFormatterTest extends EntityKernelTestBase {

  use EntityReferenceFieldCreationTrait;

  /**
   * The entity type used in this test.
   *
   * @var string
   */
  protected $entityType = 'entity_test';

  /**
   * The bundle used in this test.
   *
   * @var string
   */
  protected $bundle = 'entity_test';

  /**
   * The name of the field used in this test.
   *
   * @var string
   */
  protected $fieldName = 'field_test';

  /**
   * The non cacheable view mode.
   */
  protected string $nonCacheableViewMode = 'no_cache';

  /**
   * The entity to be referenced in this test.
   *
   * @var \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityInterface
   */
  protected $referencedEntity;

  /**
   * An entity that is not yet saved to its persistent storage.
   *
   * @var \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityInterface
   */
  protected $unsavedReferencedEntity;

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  protected function setUp(): void {
    parent::setUp();

    // Use Stark theme for testing markup output.
    \Drupal::service('theme_installer')->install(['stark']);
    $this->config('system.theme')->set('default', 'stark')->save();
    $this->installEntitySchema('entity_test');
    // Grant the 'view test entity' permission.
    $this->installConfig(['user']);
    Role::load(RoleInterface::ANONYMOUS_ID)
      ->grantPermission('view test entity')
      ->save();

    $this->createEntityReferenceField($this->entityType, $this->bundle, $this->fieldName, 'Field test', $this->entityType, 'default', [], FieldStorageDefinitionInterface::CARDINALITY_UNLIMITED);

    // Set up a field, so that the entity that'll be referenced bubbles up a
    // cache tag when rendering it entirely.
    FieldStorageConfig::create([
      'field_name' => 'body',
      'entity_type' => $this->entityType,
      'type' => 'text',
      'settings' => [],
    ])->save();
    FieldConfig::create([
      'entity_type' => $this->entityType,
      'bundle' => $this->bundle,
      'field_name' => 'body',
      'label' => 'Body',
    ])->save();
    \Drupal::service('entity_display.repository')
      ->getViewDisplay($this->entityType, $this->bundle)
      ->setComponent('body', [
        'type' => 'text_default',
        'settings' => [],
      ])
      ->save();

    FilterFormat::create([
      'format' => 'full_html',
      'name' => 'Full HTML',
    ])->save();

    // Create the entity to be referenced.
    $this->referencedEntity = $this->container->get('entity_type.manager')
      ->getStorage($this->entityType)
      ->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $this->referencedEntity->body = [
      'value' => '<p>Hello, world!</p>',
      'format' => 'full_html',
    ];
    $this->referencedEntity->save();

    // Create another entity to be referenced but do not save it.
    $this->unsavedReferencedEntity = $this->container->get('entity_type.manager')
      ->getStorage($this->entityType)
      ->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $this->unsavedReferencedEntity->body = [
      'value' => '<p>Hello, unsaved world!</p>',
      'format' => 'full_html',
    ];
  }

  /**
   * Assert inaccessible items don't change the data of the fields.
   */
  public function testAccess(): void {
    // Revoke the 'view test entity' permission for this test.
    Role::load(RoleInterface::ANONYMOUS_ID)
      ->revokePermission('view test entity')
      ->save();

    $field_name = $this->fieldName;

    $referencing_entity = $this->container->get('entity_type.manager')
      ->getStorage($this->entityType)
      ->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $referencing_entity->save();
    $referencing_entity->{$field_name}->entity = $this->referencedEntity;

    // Assert user doesn't have access to the entity.
    $this->assertFalse($this->referencedEntity->access('view'), 'Current user does not have access to view the referenced entity.');

    $formatter_manager = $this->container->get('plugin.manager.field.formatter');

    // Get all the existing formatters.
    foreach ($formatter_manager->getOptions('entity_reference') as $formatter => $name) {
      // Set formatter type for the 'full' view mode.
      \Drupal::service('entity_display.repository')
        ->getViewDisplay($this->entityType, $this->bundle)
        ->setComponent($field_name, [
          'type' => $formatter,
        ])
        ->save();

      // Invoke entity view.
      \Drupal::entityTypeManager()
        ->getViewBuilder($referencing_entity->getEntityTypeId())
        ->view($referencing_entity, 'default');

      // Verify the un-accessible item still exists.
      $this->assertEquals($this->referencedEntity->id(), $referencing_entity->{$field_name}->target_id, "The un-accessible item still exists after $name formatter was executed.");
    }
  }

  /**
   * Tests the merging of cache metadata.
   */
  public function testCustomCacheTagFormatter(): void {
    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Render\RendererInterface $renderer */
    $renderer = $this->container->get('renderer');
    $formatter = 'entity_reference_custom_cache_tag';
    $build = $this->buildRenderArray([$this->referencedEntity], $formatter);

    $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    $this->assertContains('custom_cache_tag', $build['#cache']['tags']);
  }

  /**
   * Tests the ID formatter.
   */
  public function testIdFormatter(): void {
    $formatter = 'entity_reference_entity_id';
    $build = $this->buildRenderArray([$this->referencedEntity, $this->unsavedReferencedEntity], $formatter);

    $this->assertEquals($this->referencedEntity->id(), $build[0]['#plain_text'], sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a saved entity.', $formatter));
    $this->assertEquals($this->referencedEntity->getCacheTags(), $build[0]['#cache']['tags'], sprintf('The %s formatter has the expected cache tags.', $formatter));
    $this->assertTrue(!isset($build[1]), sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a unsaved entity.', $formatter));
  }

  /**
   * Tests the entity formatter.
   */
  public function testEntityFormatter(): void {
    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Render\RendererInterface $renderer */
    $renderer = $this->container->get('renderer');
    $formatter = 'entity_reference_entity_view';
    $build = $this->buildRenderArray([$this->referencedEntity, $this->unsavedReferencedEntity], $formatter);

    // Test the first field item.
    $expected_rendered_name_field_1 = '
            <div>' . $this->referencedEntity->label() . '</div>
      ';
    $expected_rendered_body_field_1 = '
  <div>
    <div>Body</div>
              <div><p>Hello, world!</p></div>
          </div>
';
    $renderer->renderRoot($build[0]);
    $this->assertSame('default | ' . $this->referencedEntity->label() . $expected_rendered_name_field_1 . $expected_rendered_body_field_1, (string) $build[0]['#markup'], sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a saved entity.', $formatter));
    $expected_cache_tags = Cache::mergeTags(\Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getViewBuilder($this->entityType)->getCacheTags(), $this->referencedEntity->getCacheTags());
    $expected_cache_tags = Cache::mergeTags($expected_cache_tags, FilterFormat::load('full_html')->getCacheTags());
    $this->assertEquals($expected_cache_tags, $build[0]['#cache']['tags'], "The $formatter formatter has the expected cache tags.");

    // Test the second field item.
    $expected_rendered_name_field_2 = '
            <div>' . $this->unsavedReferencedEntity->label() . '</div>
      ';
    $expected_rendered_body_field_2 = '
  <div>
    <div>Body</div>
              <div><p>Hello, unsaved world!</p></div>
          </div>
';

    $renderer->renderRoot($build[1]);
    $this->assertSame('default | ' . $this->unsavedReferencedEntity->label() . $expected_rendered_name_field_2 . $expected_rendered_body_field_2, (string) $build[1]['#markup'], sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a unsaved entity.', $formatter));
  }

  /**
   * Tests that iterative rendering is allowed by recursive render protection.
   */
  public function testEntityFormatterIterativeRendering(): void {
    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Render\RendererInterface $renderer */
    $renderer = $this->container->get('renderer');
    $view_builder = $this->entityTypeManager->getViewBuilder($this->entityType);

    $this->createNonCacheableViewMode();

    $storage = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage($this->entityType);
    $entity = $storage->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $entity->save();
    $referencing_entity = $storage->create([
      'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
      $this->fieldName => $entity->id(),
    ]);
    $referencing_entity->save();

    // Set count to higher than the previous render protection limit of 20.
    $count = 21;
    // Render the same entity multiple times to check that iterative rendering
    // is allowed as long as the entity is not being recursively rendered.
    $build = $view_builder->viewMultiple(array_fill(0, $count, $referencing_entity), $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    // The title of entity_test entities is printed twice by default, so we have
    // to multiply our count by 2.
    $this->assertSame($count * 2, substr_count($output, $entity->label()));
  }

  /**
   * Tests the recursive rendering protection of the entity formatter.
   */
  public function testEntityFormatterRecursiveRendering(): void {
    // Intercept our specific warning and suppress it.
    set_error_handler(function (int $errno, string $errstr): bool {
      return $errno === E_USER_WARNING && str_starts_with($errstr, 'Recursive rendering attempt aborted');
    });

    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Render\RendererInterface $renderer */
    $renderer = $this->container->get('renderer');
    $view_builder = $this->entityTypeManager->getViewBuilder($this->entityType);

    $this->createNonCacheableViewMode();

    // Set the default view mode to use the 'entity_reference_entity_view'
    // formatter.
    \Drupal::service('entity_display.repository')
      ->getViewDisplay($this->entityType, $this->bundle)
      ->setComponent($this->fieldName, [
        'type' => 'entity_reference_entity_view',
      ])
      ->save();

    $storage = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage($this->entityType);
    $referencing_entity_1 = $storage->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $referencing_entity_1->save();

    // Create a self-reference.
    $referencing_entity_1->{$this->fieldName}->entity = $referencing_entity_1;
    $referencing_entity_1->save();
    $referencing_entity_1_label = $referencing_entity_1->label();

    // Using a different view mode is not recursion.
    $build = $view_builder->view($referencing_entity_1, 'teaser');
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    // 2 occurrences of the entity title per entity.
    $expected_occurrences = 4;

    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_1_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);

    // Self-references should not be rendered.
    // entity_1 -> entity_1
    $build = $view_builder->view($referencing_entity_1, $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    $expected_occurrences = 2;
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_1_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);
    $build = $view_builder->view($referencing_entity_1, $this->nonCacheableViewMode);

    // Repetition is not wrongly detected as recursion.
    // entity_1 -> entity_1
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_1_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);

    // Referencing from another entity works fine.
    // entity_2 -> entity_1
    $referencing_entity_2 = $storage->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $referencing_entity_2->save();
    $referencing_entity_2_label = $referencing_entity_2->label();
    $referencing_entity_2->{$this->fieldName}->entity = $referencing_entity_1;
    $referencing_entity_2->save();
    $build = $view_builder->view($referencing_entity_2, $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);

    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_1_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);

    // Referencing from multiple is fine.
    // entity_1 -> entity_1
    // entity_2 -> entity_1
    $build = $view_builder->viewMultiple([$referencing_entity_1, $referencing_entity_2], $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    // entity_1 should be seen once as a parent and once as a child of entity_2.
    $expected_occurrences = 4;
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_1_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);
    // entity_2 is seen only once, as a parent.
    $expected_occurrences = 2;
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_2_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);
    // Indirect recursion is not ok.
    // entity_2 -> entity_1 -> entity_2
    $referencing_entity_1->{$this->fieldName}->entity = $referencing_entity_2;
    $referencing_entity_1->save();
    $build = $view_builder->view($referencing_entity_2, $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    // Each entity should be seen once.
    $expected_occurrences = 2;
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_1_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);
    $expected_occurrences = 2;
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referencing_entity_2_label);
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);

    restore_error_handler();
  }

  /**
   * Renders the same entity referenced from different places.
   */
  public function testEntityReferenceRecursiveProtectionWithManyRenderedEntities(): void {
    $view_builder = $this->entityTypeManager->getViewBuilder($this->entityType);

    $this->createNonCacheableViewMode();

    $storage = $this->entityTypeManager->getStorage($this->entityType);
    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Entity\ContentEntityInterface $referenced_entity */
    $referenced_entity = $storage->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);

    $range = range(0, 30);
    $referencing_entities = array_map(function () use ($storage, $referenced_entity) {
      $referencing_entity = $storage->create([
        'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
        $this->fieldName => $referenced_entity,
      ]);
      $referencing_entity->save();
      return $referencing_entity;
    }, $range);

    $build = $view_builder->viewMultiple($referencing_entities, $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = $this->render($build);

    // The title of entity_test entities is printed twice by default, so we have
    // to multiply the formatter's recursive rendering protection limit by 2.
    // Additionally, we have to take into account 2 additional occurrences of
    // the entity title because we're rendering the full entity, not just the
    // reference field.
    $expected_occurrences = 30 * 2 + 2;
    $actual_occurrences = substr_count($output, $referenced_entity->label());
    $this->assertEquals($expected_occurrences, $actual_occurrences);
  }

  /**
   * Tests multiple renderings of an entity that references another.
   */
  public function testEntityReferenceRecursionProtectionWithRepeatedReferencingEntity(): void {
    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Render\RendererInterface $renderer */
    $renderer = $this->container->get('renderer');
    $view_builder = $this->entityTypeManager->getViewBuilder($this->entityType);

    $this->createNonCacheableViewMode();

    $storage = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage($this->entityType);
    $entity = $storage->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);
    $entity->save();
    $referencing_entity = $storage->create([
      'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
      $this->fieldName => $entity->id(),
    ]);
    $referencing_entity->save();

    // Large-scale repetition within a single render root is not recursion.
    $count = 30;
    $build = $view_builder->viewMultiple(array_fill(0, $count, $referencing_entity), $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
    $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
    // The title of entity_test entities is printed twice by default, so we have
    // to multiply our count by 2.
    $this->assertSame($count * 2, substr_count($output, $entity->label()));

    // Large-scale repetition across render roots is not recursion.
    for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
      $build = $view_builder->view($referencing_entity, $this->nonCacheableViewMode);
      $output = (string) $renderer->renderRoot($build);
      // The title of entity_test entities is printed twice by default.
      $this->assertSame(2, substr_count($output, $entity->label()));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Tests the label formatter.
   */
  public function testLabelFormatter(): void {
    $this->installEntitySchema('entity_test_label');
    /** @var \Drupal\Core\Render\RendererInterface $renderer */
    $renderer = $this->container->get('renderer');
    $formatter = 'entity_reference_label';

    // We need to create an anonymous user for access checks in the formatter.
    $this->createUser(values: [
      'uid' => 0,
      'status' => 0,
      'name' => '',
    ]);

    // The 'link' settings is TRUE by default.
    $build = $this->buildRenderArray([$this->referencedEntity, $this->unsavedReferencedEntity], $formatter);

    $expected_field_cacheability = [
      'contexts' => [],
      'tags' => [],
      'max-age' => Cache::PERMANENT,
    ];
    $this->assertEquals($expected_field_cacheability, $build['#cache'], 'The field render array contains the entity access cacheability metadata');
    $expected_item_1 = [
      '#type' => 'link',
      '#title' => $this->referencedEntity->label(),
      '#url' => $this->referencedEntity->toUrl(),
      '#options' => $this->referencedEntity->toUrl()->getOptions(),
      '#cache' => [
        'contexts' => [
          'user.permissions',
        ],
        'tags' => $this->referencedEntity->getCacheTags(),
      ],
    ];
    $this->assertEquals($renderer->renderRoot($expected_item_1), $renderer->renderRoot($build[0]), sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a saved entity.', $formatter));
    $this->assertEquals(CacheableMetadata::createFromRenderArray($expected_item_1), CacheableMetadata::createFromRenderArray($build[0]));

    // The second referenced entity is "autocreated", therefore not saved and
    // lacking any URL info.
    $expected_item_2 = [
      '#plain_text' => $this->unsavedReferencedEntity->label(),
      '#entity' => $this->unsavedReferencedEntity,
      '#cache' => [
        'contexts' => [
          'user.permissions',
        ],
        'tags' => $this->unsavedReferencedEntity->getCacheTags(),
        'max-age' => Cache::PERMANENT,
      ],
    ];
    $this->assertEquals($expected_item_2, $build[1], sprintf('The render array returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a unsaved entity.', $formatter));

    // Test with the 'link' setting set to FALSE.
    $build = $this->buildRenderArray([$this->referencedEntity, $this->unsavedReferencedEntity], $formatter, ['link' => FALSE]);
    $this->assertEquals($this->referencedEntity->label(), $build[0]['#plain_text'], sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a saved entity.', $formatter));
    $this->assertEquals($this->unsavedReferencedEntity->label(), $build[1]['#plain_text'], sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an item with a unsaved entity.', $formatter));

    // Test an entity type that doesn't have any link templates.
    $field_storage_config = FieldStorageConfig::loadByName($this->entityType, $this->fieldName);
    $field_storage_config->setSetting('target_type', 'entity_test_label');
    $field_storage_config->save();

    $referenced_entity_with_no_link_template = EntityTestLabel::create([
      'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
    ]);
    $referenced_entity_with_no_link_template->save();

    $build = $this->buildRenderArray([$referenced_entity_with_no_link_template], $formatter, ['link' => TRUE]);
    $this->assertEquals($referenced_entity_with_no_link_template->label(), $build[0]['#plain_text'], sprintf('The markup returned by the %s formatter is correct for an entity type with no valid link template.', $formatter));

    // Test link visibility if the URL is not accessible.
    $entity_with_user = EntityTest::create([
      'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
      'user_id' => $this->createUser(),
    ]);
    $entity_with_user->save();
    $build = $entity_with_user->get('user_id')->view(['type' => $formatter, 'settings' => ['link' => TRUE]]);
    $this->assertEquals($build[0]['#plain_text'], $entity_with_user->get('user_id')->entity->label(), 'For inaccessible links, the label should be displayed in plain text.');
  }

  /**
   * Tests formatters set the correct _referringItem on referenced entities.
   */
  public function testFormatterReferencingItem(): void {
    $storage = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage($this->entityType);
    // Create a referencing entity and confirm that the _referringItem property
    // on the referenced entity in the built render array's items is set to the
    // field item on the referencing entity.
    $referencing_entity_1 = $storage->create([
      'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
      $this->fieldName => $this->referencedEntity,
    ]);
    $referencing_entity_1->save();
    $build_1 = $referencing_entity_1->get($this->fieldName)->view(['type' => 'entity_reference_entity_view']);
    $this->assertEquals($this->referencedEntity->id(), $build_1['#items'][0]->entity->id());
    $this->assertEquals($referencing_entity_1->id(), $build_1['#items'][0]->entity->_referringItem->getEntity()->id());
    $this->assertEquals($referencing_entity_1->id(), $build_1[0]['#' . $this->entityType]->_referringItem->getEntity()->id());
    // Create a second referencing entity and confirm that the _referringItem
    // property on the referenced entity in the built render array's items is
    // set to the field item on the second referencing entity.
    $referencing_entity_2 = $storage->create([
      'name' => $this->randomMachineName(),
      $this->fieldName => $this->referencedEntity,
    ]);
    $referencing_entity_2->save();
    $build_2 = $referencing_entity_2->get($this->fieldName)->view(['type' => 'entity_reference_entity_view']);
    $this->assertEquals($this->referencedEntity->id(), $build_2['#items'][0]->entity->id());
    $this->assertEquals($referencing_entity_2->id(), $build_2['#items'][0]->entity->_referringItem->getEntity()->id());
    $this->assertEquals($referencing_entity_2->id(), $build_2[0]['#' . $this->entityType]->_referringItem->getEntity()->id());
    // Confirm that the _referringItem property for the entity referenced by the
    // first referencing entity is still set to the field item on the first
    // referencing entity.
    $this->assertEquals($referencing_entity_1->id(), $build_1['#items'][0]->entity->_referringItem->getEntity()->id());
    // Confirm that the _referringItem property is not the same for the two
    // render arrays.
    $this->assertNotEquals($build_1['#items'][0]->entity->_referringItem->getEntity()->id(), $build_2['#items'][0]->entity->_referringItem->getEntity()->id());
  }

  /**
   * Sets field values and returns a render array.
   *
   * The render array structure is as built by
   * \Drupal\Core\Field\FieldItemListInterface::view().
   *
   * @param \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityInterface[] $referenced_entities
   *   An array of entity objects that will be referenced.
   * @param string $formatter
   *   The formatted plugin that will be used for building the render array.
   * @param array $formatter_options
   *   Settings specific to the formatter. Defaults to the formatter's default
   *   settings.
   *
   * @return array
   *   A render array.
   */
  protected function buildRenderArray(array $referenced_entities, $formatter, $formatter_options = []) {
    // Create the entity that will have the entity reference field.
    $referencing_entity = $this->container->get('entity_type.manager')
      ->getStorage($this->entityType)
      ->create(['name' => $this->randomMachineName()]);

    $items = $referencing_entity->get($this->fieldName);

    // Assign the referenced entities.
    foreach ($referenced_entities as $referenced_entity) {
      $items[] = ['entity' => $referenced_entity];
    }

    // Build the renderable array for the field.
    return $items->view(['type' => $formatter, 'settings' => $formatter_options]);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a non cacheable view mode.
   */
  protected function createNonCacheableViewMode(): void {
    EntityViewMode::create([
      'id' => $this->entityType . '.' . $this->nonCacheableViewMode,
      'label' => 'No cache view mode',
      'targetEntityType' => $this->entityType,
      'cache' => FALSE,
    ])
      ->save();

    // Set the new view mode to use the 'entity_reference_entity_view'
    // formatter displaying entities in non cacheable view mode as well.
    EntityViewDisplay::create([
      'targetEntityType' => $this->entityType,
      'bundle' => $this->bundle,
      'mode' => $this->nonCacheableViewMode,
      'status' => TRUE,
    ])
      ->setComponent($this->fieldName, [
        'type' => 'entity_reference_entity_view',
        'settings' => [
          'view_mode' => $this->nonCacheableViewMode,
        ],
      ])
      ->save();
  }

}